The ICAP framework proposed by Professor Michelene T. H. Chi posits that different learning activities elicit different modes of cognitive engagement, and deeper cognitive engagement generally leads to better learning outcomes and knowledge retention.

I (Interactive): Debating, collaborating, teaching, co-constructing, and negotiating.

C (Constructive): Summarizing, drawing, questioning, generating new connections.

A (Active): Underlining, clicking, repeating, manipulating information.

P (Passive): Listening, watching, reading, receiving information.

In summary, the ICAP framework provides a clear, actionable lens for understanding "how learning happens" and guides us in designing environments, activities, and tasks to maximize deep learning and enduring understanding. It emphasizes: it's not just what you do, but what your brain is actually doing while you do it, that determines what you learn.